Browsing by Author "Abkallo, Hussein"

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    PublicationOpen Access
    Evidence of partial artemisinin resistance in malaria endemic lake region, Busia county, Western, Kenya
    (Research Square, 2024-07-03) Makau, Mark; Kanoi , Bernard N; Mgawe, Calvin; Maina, Michael; Too, Edwin; Naruse, Taeko; Abkallo, Hussein; Waweru, Harrison; Adung’o , Ferdinand; Kaneko , Osamu; Gitaka, Jesse
    Malaria remains a key health and economic problem particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The emergence of artemisinin resistance (ART-R) parasite strains poses a serious threat to the control and elimination of this scourge. This is because ART remains the first-line treatment drug in the majority of malariaendemic regions in Sub-Saharan Africa. P. falciparum ART resistance has been linked to mutations in the Kelch – 13 propeller gene (k13) of the Plasmodium falciparum. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the K-13 region have been associated with delayed parasite clearance in vivo and in vitro. These mutations serve as vital molecular markers for tracking the emergence and dispersion of resistance. Recently, there have been increasing reports of the emergence and spread of P. falciparum ART-R parasites in the Eastern Africa region. This necessitates continued surveillance to best inform mitigation efforts. This study investigated the presence of K-13 mutations in the parasite population in Busia County, Kenya, a known malaria-endemic region. Two hundred twenty-six participants with microscopically confirmed uncomplicated malaria were recruited for this study. They were put under directly observed treatment with Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL), and microscopy repeated after 24 hours. P. falciparum DNA from samples showing the lowest 24-hour relative parasite clearance underwent targeted amplification of the K-13 gene using a semi-nested PCR approach, followed by Sanger sequencing. The recently validated ART-R nonsynonymous mutation C469Y was identified in 3% (n = 3) of the samples suggesting it could have had an impact on clinical parasite clearance 24 hours post-AL administration. Our findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance of AL resistance in western Kenya and the region to determine the spread of ART-R and inform containment.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Identification of Multi-repeat Sequences using Genome Mining Approaches for Developing Highly Sensitive Molecular Diagnostic Assay for the Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis
    (MedRxiv, 2023-07-23) Oduor, Bernard; Shiluli, Clement; Kamath, Shwetha; Kanoi, Bernard N; Kimani, Racheal; Maina, Michael; Waweru, Harrison; Kamita, Moses; Ndirangu, Ibrahim; Abkallo, Hussein
    Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). In 2019, the World Health Organization reported about 131 million infections. The majority of infected patients are asymptomatic with cases remaining undetected. It is likely that missed C. trachomatis infections contribute to preventable adverse health outcomes in women and children. Consequently, there is an urgent need of developing efficient diagnostic methods. In this study, genome-mining approaches to identify identical multi-repeat sequences (IMRS) distributed throughout the C. trachomatis genome were used to design a primer pair that would target regions in the genome. Genomic DNA was 10-fold serially diluted (100pg/μL to 1×10-3pg/μL) and used as DNA template for PCR reactions. The gold standard PCR using 16S rRNA primers was also run as a comparative test, and products were resolved on agarose gel. The novel assay, C. trachomatis IMRS-PCR, had an analytical sensitivity of 9.5 fg/μL, representing better sensitivity compared with 16S rRNA PCR (4.31 pg/μL). Our experimental data demonstrate the successful development of lateral flow and isothermal assays for detecting C. trachomatis DNA with potential use in field settings. There is a potential to implement this concept in miniaturized, isothermal, microfluidic platforms, and laboratory-on-a-chip diagnostic devices for reliable point-of-care testing.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Improving Gonorrhoea Molecular Diagnostics: Genome Mining-Based Identification of Identical Multi-Repeat Sequences (IMRS) In Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Genome
    (Heliyon, 2023-10-10) Waweru, Harrison; Gitaka, Jesse; Kamita, Moses; Abkallo, Hussein; Oduor, Bernard; Pamme, Nicole; Dupaty, Joshua; Lolabattu, Dr. Srinivasa Raju
    Background: Curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) is a major cause of poor pregnancy outcome. The infection is often asymptomatic in pregnant women and a syndrome-based approach of testing leads to missed diagnosis. Culture followed by microscopy is inadequate and time-consuming. The gold standard Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests require advanced Binfrastructure settings whilst point of care tests are limited to immunoassays with sensitivities and specificities insufficient to accurately diagnose asymptomatic cases. This necessitates the development and validation of assays that are fit for purpose. Methods: Here, we have identified new diagnostic target biomarker regions for N. gonorrhoeaeusing an algorithm for genome mining of identical multi repeat sequences (IMRS). These were then developed as DNA amplification primers to design better diagnostic assays. To test the primer pair, genomic DNA was 10-fold serially diluted (100pg/L to 1×10-3pg/L) and used as DNA template for PCR reactions. The gold standard PCR using 16S rRNA primers was also run as a comparative test, and both assay products resolved on 1% agarose gel. Results: Our newly developed N. gonorrhoeae IMRS-PCR assay had an analytical sensitivity of 6 fg/L representing better sensitivity compared to the 16S rRNA PCR assay with analytical sensitivity of 4.3096 pg/L. The assay was also successfully validated with clinical urethral swab samples. We further advanced this technique by developing an iso-thermal IMRS, which was both reliable and sensitive for detecting cultured N. gonorrhoeae isolates at a concentration of 38 ng/L. Combining the iso-thermal IMRS with a low-cost Lateral Flow Assay, we were able to detect N. gonorrhoeae amplicons at a starting concentration of 100 pg/L. Conclusion: Therefore, there is a potential to implement this concept within miniaturized, isothermal, microfluidic platforms, and laboratory-on-a-chip diagnostic devices for highly reliable point-of-care testing.