Browsing by Author "Kanoi,Bernard N."

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    PublicationOpen Access
    Detection of multidrug-resistant organisms of concern including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia at a referral hospital in Kenya
    (PLOS ONE, 2024-04-16) Kimani , Rachael; Wakaba, Patrick; Kamita, Moses; Mbogo,David; Mutai, Winnie; Ayodo, Charchil; Suliman, Essuman; Kanoi,Bernard N.; Gitaka, Jesse
    Regular monitoring of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in clinical settings is key for ascertaining the current trends as well as re-establish empirical therapy. This study aimed to determine bacterial contaminants and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from medical equipment, inanimate surfaces and clinical samples obtained from Thika Level V Hospital (TLVH), Thika, in Central Kenya. Three hundred and five samples were collected between the period of March 2021 to November 2021 and comprised urine, pus swabs, catheter swabs, stool, and environmental samples. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using VITEK 2 and disc diffusion respectively. We observed that Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (28 /160, 17.5%) were the most commonly isolated species from clinical samples followed by E. coli (22 /160 13.8%) and S. aureus (22/160, 13.8%). The bed rails were the mostly contaminated surface with S. aureus accounting for 14.2% (6/42). Among the clinical samples, pus swabs yielded the highest number of pathogens was pus (92/160). Trauma patients had the highest proportion of isolates (67/160, 41.8%). High level of antimicrobial resistance to key antimicrobials, particularly among Enterobacterales was observed. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was noted in 65.9% (29/44) of enteric isolates. While further ESBL genetic confirmatory studies are needed, this study highlights the urgent need for actions that mitigate the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Evaluation of the protective efficacy of Olyset®Plus ceiling net on reducing malaria prevalence in children in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial
    (BMC, 2023-05-25) Kaneko, Akira; Kongere,James; Chan,Chim W.; Kagaya,Wataru; Kanoi,Bernard N.; Ngara, Mtakai; Omondi,Protus; Osborne,Ashley; Barbieri, Laura; Kc,Achyut; Gitaka, Jesse
    In the Lake Victoria Basin of western Kenya, malaria remains highly endemic despite high coverage of interventions such as insecticide-impregnated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). The malaria-protective effect of LLINs is hampered by insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and its repurposing by the community. Ceiling nets and LLIN with synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO-LLIN) are novel tools that can overcome the problems of behavioral variation of net use and metabolic resistance to insecticide, respectively. The two have been shown to reduce malaria prevalence when used independently. Integration of these two tools (i.e., ceiling nets made with PBO-LLIN or Olyset®Plus ceiling nets) appears promising in further reducing the malaria burden. Methods A cluster-randomized controlled trial is designed to assess the effect of Olyset®Plus ceiling nets on reducing malaria prevalence in children on Mfangano Island in Homa Bay County, where malaria transmission is moderate. Olyset®Plus ceiling nets will be installed in 1315 residential structures. Malaria parasitological, entomological, and serological indicators will be measured for 12 months to compare the effectiveness of this new intervention against conventional LLIN in the control arm. Discussion Wider adoption of Olyset®Plus ceiling nets to complement existing interventions may benefit other malaria-endemic counties and be incorporated as part of Kenya’s national malaria elimination strategy. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000045079. Registered on 4 August 2021.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Evaluation of the protective efficacy of Olyset®Plus ceiling net on reducing malaria prevalence in children in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial
    (BMC, 2023-05-25) Gitaka, Jesse; Kanoi,Bernard N.; Kongere, James; Chan, Chim W.; Ngara, Mtakai; Omondi,Protus; Osborne, Ashley; Barbieri, Laura; Kc, Achyut; Minakawa, Noboru; Kaneko, Akira
    n the Lake Victoria Basin of western Kenya, malaria remains highly endemic despite high coverage of interventions such as insecticide-impregnated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). The malaria-protective effect of LLINs is hampered by insecticide resistance in Anopheles vectors and its repurposing by the community. Ceiling nets and LLIN with synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO-LLIN) are novel tools that can overcome the problems of behavioral variation of net use and metabolic resistance to insecticide, respectively. The two have been shown to reduce malaria prevalence when used independently. Integration of these two tools (i.e., ceiling nets made with PBO-LLIN or Olyset®Plus ceiling nets) appears promising in further reducing the malaria burden. Methods A cluster-randomized controlled trial is designed to assess the effect of Olyset®Plus ceiling nets on reducing malaria prevalence in children on Mfangano Island in Homa Bay County, where malaria transmission is moderate. Olyset®Plus ceiling nets will be installed in 1315 residential structures. Malaria parasitological, entomological, and serological indicators will be measured for 12 months to compare the effectiveness of this new intervention against conventional LLIN in the control arm. Discussion Wider adoption of Olyset®Plus ceiling nets to complement existing interventions may benefit other malaria-endemic counties and be incorporated as part of Kenya’s national malaria elimination strategy. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000045079. Registered on 4 August 2021.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Predictors of birth weight in pregnant women with malaria: a prospective cohort facility-based study in Webuye-Kenya
    (BMC, 2024-03-08) Mukala,Joseph; Gitaka, Jesse; Waweru,Harrison; Kobia, Francis; Akisa, Violet; Kanoi,Bernard N.; Kirira, Peter; Mogere, Dominic
    In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria, which remains a major public health burden, has a prevalence of 9 to 28% and malaria in pregnancy is associated with severe adverse outcomes for the mother and her baby. Here, we sought to determine the predictors of birth weight in a cohort of 140 women with malaria in pregnancy, who were recruited at the Webuye County hospital in Western Kenya. All study participants underwent malaria diagnosis through microscopic examination of blood smear samples and were grouped into the malaria-positive and malaria-negative groups. Both groups were followed up beginning at the first antenatal visit (March 2022) until delivery (December 2022) and various data, including demographic, parity, gravidity, socioeconomic, maternal and fetal outcomes were collected. Data analyses were done using SPSS version 27. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used for bivariate and relative risk analyses at a p-value of ≤0.05 (95%) confidence level. Most of the participants were aged 18–25 years, were primigravidas and married, had secondary school-level education, earned 20–30 thousand Kenya shillings, resided in rural areas, and were in the second trimester. There were 6 (4.6%) cases of low birth weight, 3 (4.5%) in the malaria-negative group and 3 (4.7%) in the malaria-positive group. During pregnancy, 41 (31.5%) were anaemic, 5 (3.8%) were HIV-positive, 5 (3.8%) had preeclampsia, and 2 (1.5%) had gestational diabetes. Our analyses show that confounding factors like anaemia, HIV, pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes did not influence birthweight (p ≥ 0.923). The malaria-positive and malaria-negative groups did not differ significantly with regard to the low birth weight (relative risk: 0.999, 95% confidence interval: 0.926–1.077). Marital status, gestational age, and area of residence were associated with malaria p ≤ 0.001, ≤ 0.001 and 0.028 respectively. In both groups, 124 of the 140 deliveries had normal birth weights and of these 63 (95.4%, n = 70) were in the malaria-negative group, whereas 61 (95.3%, n = 70) belonged to the malaria-positive group.