Factors associated with hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers attending maternal and child health clinic at Mandera county referral hospital, Kenya.

Abstract

Hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers are critical in preventing infections and promoting the health of both mothers and infants. Poor hygiene practices contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates among children under five, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Mandera County, Kenya. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and hygiene practices among breastfeeding mothers attending the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinic at Mandera County Referral Hospital. It also examined the economic, cultural, and family-related factors influencing hygiene practices and identified key barriers hindering proper hygiene practices. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was employed, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A total of 360 breastfeeding mothers were systematically sampled, and data were collected using structured questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26, where descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and percentages were used. Inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were applied to establish associations between variables. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed that only 42.5% of the respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge of breastfeeding hygiene, and 37.8% consistently adhered to recommended hygiene practices. Socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and family influence were significant determinants of hygiene practices (χ² = 18.27, p < 0.05). Economic constraints such as lack of access to clean water and hygiene products (reported by 54.6% of respondents) were major barriers to proper hygiene. Additionally, 43.2% of mothers cited cultural taboos and traditional beliefs as influences on their hygiene behaviors, while healthcare workers played a vital role in providing hygiene education, but resource limitations affected their effectiveness. The study concludes that hygiene knowledge and adherence among breastfeeding mothers remain suboptimal, with economic and cultural factors significantly impacting hygiene practices. To address these challenges, the study recommends integrating hygiene education into routine MCH clinic visits, improving access to clean water and sanitation infrastructure, and implementing community-based interventions to address cultural misconceptions. Collaborative efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders are necessary to enhance breastfeeding hygiene and reduce child morbidity and mortality in Mandera County.