Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 77 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya By Charles Opon and Evans Gacheru (PhD) oponcharles92@gmail.com & eg.kimani@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of the study was to establish community policing role in prevention of terrorist attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Kenya has witnessed increased operations of terrorist in 21st Century with 2015 Garissa University attack being the most notable one. As a result of terrorism and the outcome emanating from terrorism and counterterrorist actions, the connections (socially) within Garissa and other Counties are similarly impacted. This is especially true in light of the fact that certain initiatives including collaboration among community and the police had resulted in a longer lasting consequences coming from social disconnect, which calls for the need of social interventions. The study adopted descriptive design and the study targeted six wards in Daadab, with each contributing twenty respondents thereby giving a total of 964 respondents and 12 key informants. The sample size was 275 respondents selected by using simple random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation aided by SPSS version 26. The quantitative data was presented by use of tables for clarity purposes. While qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis and then presented in narrative format. The findings drawn from the study revealed that there was positive and significant association between police and community partnership and prevention of terrorist attacks (β) 0.007, t=0.158, p value <0.05). The analysis implied that a unit change in police-community partnership improved prevention of terrorist attacks by 0.007 units when holding other factors constant. The findings also revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between shared problem solving and prevention of terrorist attacks, (β) 0.717, t=22.941, p value >0.05). The analysis implied that a unit change in shared problem-solving affected prevention of terrorist attacks by 0.717 units when holding other factors constant. The study recommends that in shared problem solving, since the community policing is increasingly being utilized in the fight against terrorist activity, the national security organ should focus more effort and resources to have the shared problem-solving approaches fully realized. The government should identify appropriate channel through which the community can be empowered through a selected number of personnel in every village who will have an eye for profiled and suspected terrorist among other ordinary citizens. Key Words: Community Policing, Police-Community Partnership, Shared Problem-Solving and Terrorist Attacks mailto:oponcharles92@gmail.com Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 78 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya By Charles Opon and Evans Gacheru (PhD) Introduction This chapter covered background, statement of the problem, objective and the significance of the study. The article further addressed the literature review, empirical review, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, research methodology, the study findings lastly, summary, conclusion and recommendations. Background of the Study Community policing is described as ideology which advocates for organization - wide strategies to support a methodical usage of collaboration as well as problem-solving methodologies in order to solve the immediate conditions that contribute to public safety concerns including violent act, social disorder and fear of violence (Crenshaw, 2018). It is critical to have positive police-community interactions in order to foster confidence among officers and citizens. Without such a cooperation, law enforcement becomes significantly ineffective. Even if police personnel are successful in curbing crime, the public might not even feel secure due to the lack of trust (Chappell & Gibson, 2019). According to Bueno de Mesquita (2016), community counterterrorism can play a critical role in provision of security. Bueno de Mesquita therefore, argued that through utilizing organizational reform, problem solving and external collaborations, community counterterrorism may assist police in preparing for and preventing terrorist attacks as well as responding to the fear generated by such threats. According to Bhattacharyya (2018), communities can benefit from community counterterrorism because it helps to build trust between the community and law enforcement. Kenya has had numerous terrorist attacks since the 1980s when the first explosion occurred at the Norfolk hotel followed by 1998 another bombing at the US Embassy (Muchira, 2016). Terrorists bombed the Paradise hotel in 2002 and in 2013, the Westgate retail center was also attacked with terrorist killing over sixty people and about 150 students were assassinated at Garissa University in 2015 (Azam, 2018). To address the root causes of terrorism, efforts have been made but so far, they have met with little success. Security organizations have attempted to eliminate the terrorist menace, but have met with little success (Bhattacharyya, 2018). Law enforcement organizations have also made efforts over the years to reduce community fear and address the underlying causes of criminal activity. The establishment of fruitful relationships with the community as well as other public and private sector resources, the implementation of problem-solving strategies and methods and the modification of the organization structure and culture of agency were some of the initiatives that were carried out as part of such programs (Brannan & Strindberg, 2017). Globally, according to Agostinho (2018), in the aftermath of the terrorist events that took place on September 11, 2001, local law enforcement agencies in the United States struggled with defining their roles and responsibilities in the battle against terrorism. As a result, Chappell and Gibson (2019) assert that the new counterterrorism paradigm for Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 79 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues terrorism and homeland security shifted focus to crime prevention, intelligence collecting and information sharing. After September 11, 2001, the global system was jolted which permanently altered global perceptions of both the danger posed by terrorism and the tools that are essential to resist it. Although there have been worldwide steps taken to combat terrorism since the 1960s, the extraordinary reach and capabilities of network of terrorist including the likes of Al-Qaeda or their associates causing new threat which throws traditional instruments together with organizations into question. Despite the assassination of leaders such as Osama Bin Laden, the world is still searching for an effective response to the global terrorist threat a decade later (Olonisakin, et al. 2019). Regionally, African security organizations have proposed integrating community counterterrorism into the larger national strategy for State security, but Crenshaw (2018) argues that there has been a lack of research identifying specific community counterterrorism methodologies as well as one ‘s direct application to this larger strategy and focus on their outcome. Local law enforcement has traditionally focused their efforts on the prevention and resolution of offenses including burglaries, robbery and murder since these crimes have had an apparent and visible impact on the local community and adversely affect its residents' overall quality of life (Spalek & McDonald, 2016). Local law enforcement agencies were required to adjust current counterterrorism processes in order to satisfy the needs of local security authorities as a result of the uncertainty surrounding potential terrorist threats. This is done in order to ensure the safety of the public (Ian & Wing, 2018). Statement of the Problem Kenya's North Eastern region, particularly Garissa and Wajir counties are vulnerable to terrorist strikes. These two counties together with Nairobi and Mombasa have witnessed highest cases of terrorist cases. For instance, attacking and killing of students of Garisaa University in 2015 (Leonard & Wanyama, 2018). Therefore, because of cases coming out from terrorism together with counterterrorist actions, connections that are socially in nature in Garissa and other Counties have been similarly impacted, though to a degree that may differ from different areas that experienced terrorism. This is especially true in light of the fact that specific initiatives such as collaborations between the police and the community, have always had long-term social implications that demand the participation of sociologists (Mogire & Mkutu Agade, 2016). Numerous studies on terrorism's many facets have been carried out by researchers in recent years. According to Kioko (2017) established that Resolution and Crime Surveillance in Kenya demonstrated that terrorist groups can reach every corner of the globe by exploiting weak borders and integrated international systems for money, communications and transit. While some continue to be concerned with local or national political processes, others strive to influence global change. Otiso (2019) focused on combating terrorism in Kenya as a target of global terrorism. It was found that while efforts to counter radicalization have attracted considerable attention over the last five years, success has been slow particularly in countries with little resources and experience. According to Schreier and Caparini (2018), due to counter terrorism challenges, community policing was implemented by the government of Kenya as a means of bridging the gap between the police and the community and as a result, reducing the level of insecurity Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 80 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues in the country. However, this strategy has fallen short of achieving its primary objectives which are to secure residents' lives and property and to maintain law and order in the country due to severe implementation issues. As a result of the aforementioned, counterterrorism challenges exist. As a result, this study examined the role of partnership between security organs and local communities as well as develop strategies for fostering cooperation with local communities in order to stem the perennial attacks by terrorists in Daadab. Objectives of the Study i. To assess the effect of police-community partnership in prevention of terrorist attacks in Daadab. ii. To establish the effect of shared problem solving in prevention of terrorist attacks in Daadab. Significance of the Study This research is critical in the battle against terrorism and terrorist activity. By strengthening cooperation between security institutions and members of the public, the study suggested proactive approaches to the battle against terrorism and terrorist planners. To assist security policymakers, the project evaluated policies that promote community policing and information sharing in order to avert terrorist attacks before they do occur. The result of the study and recommendations would assist the government in taking a proactive role in resolving problems created by terrorism and terrorist accomplices. Review of Related Literature The literature review is regarded as a written summary of significant articles and other materials on a chosen subject. The review may use academic journal articles, books, government publications, and websites as sources. Each source is described, summarized, and evaluated in the literature review. Introduction This chapter presents the empirical review, theoretical review and conceptual framework. The empirical reviews covered various studies carried out in relation to police-community partnership and shared problem solving. Empirical Review According to Lambert and Githens-Mazer (2017) established that it is possible to trace the origins of community policing all the way back to the founding of community constables, sometimes known as "bobbies," in London's Metropolitan Police District in the early nineteenth century. This was the beginning of community policing. When the concept's creator, Sir Robert Peel, declared that the police are the people and the people are the police, it was a revolutionary statement at the time. As a consequence, to this, Hughbank and Githens (2019) emphasized that one of the most important ideas behind community policing is that the police should not be disassociated from it. In addition, one of the primary goals of community policing would be to increase the level of collaboration that exists between the police as well as the general public. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 81 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Community policing is neither foreign nor novel to Africa (Ibe, Ochie & Obiyan, 2019); for instance, the old Igbo culture already had this model in place, where the age grades and masquerade society, amongst other functions, undertook the responsibility of law enforcement. Community policing is not foreign nor novel to Africa. The fact that every adult male in the country was a member of both the age grade and the masquerade society gives the impression that everyone is responsible for maintaining safety. Community policing is said to have been first applied in South Africa with the introduction of community policing forums during the provisional constitution of the country, as stated by Chappell and Gibson (2019). This was apparently the case in South Africa. The mission of the forum was to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of the South African Police Service (SA Police Service), to provide the police with advice on issues of community priority, and to encourage the SA Police Service to be accountable to the communities it serves. Kibusia's (2020) investigation on Kenya's multiagency anti-terrorism strategy targeted members of the Anti-Terrorism Police, Kenya Defense Forces (KDF), the National Intelligence Service, the Directorate of Criminal Investigations and officials from the governmental body in charge of security among others in Kenya. According to the conclusions drawn from the findings, the utilization of each security agency's capabilities, the acquisition of knowledge regarding the efficacy of the multiagency approach in other countries and the realization that it is necessary to coordinate the operations of Kenya's various security agencies all played an important part in ensuring the safety of the State. The multiagency approach was found to be highly structured, with a well-defined leader, a framework for coordination, as well as well-defined tasks for members of the team that went from the level of national strategy down to the level of field operations. Another one of the findings was that the multiagency strategy has a clear-cut head of the project. Nenga (2017) conducted research about roles in Nyumba kumi establishments in avoiding crime in Naivasha Town, Nakuru County, Kenya which was published in the African Journal of Criminology. Residents of Naivasha, Kabati, Site Services, the County Council and Lakeview Estate participated in the study which was conducted using a descriptive survey approach to gather results. From surveyd results, respondents that were 86 percent consisted of those that were aware of Nyumba Kumi Initiative (NKI). The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the police's interaction with the community and the decline in criminal activity in Naivasha. Results further demonstrated how police respond to intelligence provided by the National Crime Information Center. A further finding of the study was that the government must continue to educate the public about the NKI's effectiveness in crime reduction. Theoretical Framework Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, both members of the Chicago School, developed the social disorganization theory in 1942. According to the idea of social disorganization, the physical and social situations of a person have a significant impact on the decisions that person makes regarding their conduct. According to the fundamental premise of social disorganization theory, location is a significant factor to consider when attempting to foresee criminal activity. Shaw and McKay discovered that neighborhoods with the highest rates of crime shared at least three characteristics. These characteristics included physical degradation, hardship and a higher level of racial and cultural integration. According to Shaw and McKay, Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 82 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues delinquency is not formed at the individual level; rather, it is a typical response of average individuals to extraordinary situations. In other words, it is not produced by the individual. The notion of social disorganization focuses on the relationship between location and region-specific traits and crime (Siqueira & Sandler, 2019). Without organization, neighborhoods lack important social controls and cannot provide important services that teach kids about the risks of wrongdoing. This makes it hard for the community to keep public order through informal means. This is why one way to talk about social disorganization is to suggest that such places simply cannot keep public order through informal means (Brooks, 2016). According to Shaw and McKay (1942), socially chaotic environments, in addition to a lack of behavioral regulation, tended to develop criminal traditions that might be passed down to future generations of children. The idea was supported by the fact that socially disordered places also tended to have fewer regulations on how people should behave. This idea was supported by the fact that socially disordered areas lacked behavioral regulation. The theory helps us understand how a neighborhood that has a lot of social disorganization can be a breeding ground for crime and delinquency in two different ways: first, because there are no ways to control the behavior of other people and second, because neighboring countries like Somalia have sent terrorists who are pretending to be refugees in order to spread their culture of crime. Both of these aspects of the phenomenon are accounted for by the theory. Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework is a representation of the relationship that the researcher anticipates finding between the variables, or the qualities or properties that they wish to investigate. This can be in the form of a chart, diagram, or flowchart. A review of the pertinent literature is typically used as the basis for the development of conceptual frameworks, which may be written or graphic in nature (Trochim, 2015). Independent Intervening Dependent Variables Variable Variable Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework Source: Field Data (2023) Police-Community Partnership Shared Problem Solving Prevention of Terrorist Attacks Border-Pass State Control Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 83 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Research Methodology Research methodology comprises of procedures or strategies used to find, select, process, and analyze information about a topic are referred to as research methodology. Introduction This section comprised of research design, target population, data collection instrument, description about validity and reliability tests and lastly description on data analysis. The descriptive research design was adopted. Krishnaswami (2016) assert that descriptive studies, which are primarily concerned with determining "what is," is used to study various questions in research; consequently, primary objective for such kind of study was to characterize the description of the subject that is being studied. The study targeted 964 accessible population being the members of the community living in Wards of Daadab (Garissa County Security Records, 2022). Beside the identified population, the study also involved representative from police posts and ‘Nyumba Kumi Representatives” from each Ward. The instrumentation adopted was questionnaire and interview to collect primary data. The data collection instrument was subjected to validity test. The research instruments test was carried out and was confirmed by the supervisor. Reliability of Research Instrument test were carried out aided by Cronbach alpha values, where scores over 0.7 were acceptable. The data gathered was both qualitative and quantifiable in nature. The responses to the survey were coded and organized into categories and the qualitative data was evaluated using thematic themes and presented in narrative form. Still, descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the numerical information. The results were presented in tabular form. The correlation analysis was carried out in order to ascertain the extent of the association that exists between chosen variables. Findings The study addressed study findings based on police-community partnership and shared problem solving on prevention of terrorist attacks. Police-Community Partnership and Prevention of terrorist Attacks The goal of the study was to find out how significantly police-community partnerships aid in stopping terrorist attacks. The results of the study were shown in table 4.1, as provided. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 84 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Table 4.1 Police-Community Partnership and Prevention of terrorist Attacks Statement SD D N A SA M SD The public holds high regard for utilization of community policing (13)5.8% (20)9.0% (27)12.1 % (47)21.1 % (116)52.0 % 4.0 4 1.2 3 Community policing is integrated with local resources partnerships. (17)7.6% (25)11.2 % (20)9.0% (49)22.0 % (112)50.2 % 3.9 5 1.3 1 Mutual trust between law enforcement and community they serve (107)48.0 % (38)17.0 % (16)7.2% (26)11.7 % (36)16.1% 2.3 0 1.5 4 Interaction between police and communities has strengthened attributed to reforms. (99)44.4% (23)10.3 % (60)26.9 % (18)8.1% (23)10.3% 2.2 9 1.3 7 Obstacle to community policing is the lack of public understanding (33)14.8% (36)16.1 % (18)8.1% (54)24.2 % (82)36.8% 2.5 2 1.4 8 When communities work with law enforcement, they gain knowledge and resources to combat terrorism. (31)13.9% (35)15.7 % (20)9.0% (57)25.6 % (80)35.9% 3.5 3 1.4 5 Overall Mean 3.1 0 Source: Field Data (2023) The presentations on table 4.1 showed that the 52% of majority of respondents strongly agreed that use of community policing as an instrument in the fight against terrorism is held in high esteem by the general population as shown by a mean of 4.04 and Std. Dev. 1.23. The study further established that community policing has been more integrated with local resources in the battle against terrorism due to police and community partnerships as confirmed by 50% of majority of respondents who strongly agreed to the idea and this had (mean 3.95 mean & Std. Dev. 1.31). The study sought to establish whether there is a mutual trust between law enforcement and the community they serve in order to combat the threat posed by terrorists. From the responses, it was noted that majority of respondents being 48.0% strongly disagreed to the statement and had (mean of 2.30 & Std. Dev. 1.54). Other study findings revealed that the interaction between the police and the communities in which they operate has strengthened attributed to reforms. This was confirmed by 44.4% of respondents who strongly disagreed to the idea. Thus, it was supported by (mean of 2.29 & Std. Dev. 1.37). From the analysis, the study sought to establish whether obstacle to community policing is the lack of public understanding of police relationship development strategies. From the responses, majority of respondents, Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 85 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues 36.8% strongly agreed to the statement as evidenced by (mean of 2.52 & Std. Dev. 1.48). Further analysis showed that when communities work together with law enforcement, they gain the knowledge and resources to combat terrorism. This was strongly supported by 35.9% of respondents with (mean of 3.53 & Std. Dev. 1.45). From the study, the overall mean of 3.10 the study findings implied that due to community policing being integrated with local resources, there are chances that possibility of improving the effort to fight terrorist is being noted. However, interaction between the police and the communities in which they operate has not really strengthened attributes to reforms need to actually achieve the goal of fighting terrorists. From the overall findings, there was close relationship of findings provided by Amuya and Mwai (2016) who did research in Teso South Busia County, Kenya on the roles that the community and the police played in putting community-police involvement into action. When it came to programs that involved the community and the police working together, they looked at how well the community and the police could work together. These findings were also considered similar to Ronoh and Hamasi (2021) who conducted a study in Mombasa County, Kenya to determine the effectiveness of community-police partnership in terms of crime management. The findings of the study revealed that reorienting operations through community-police participation was accomplished through citizen surveys which enabled the agency to identify needs and primary concerns. And lastly there was close relations of the findings obtained and those provided by Nenga (2017) who conducted research about roles in Nyumba kumi establishments in avoiding crime in Naivasha Town, Nakuru County, Kenya. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the police's interaction with the community and the decline in criminal activity in Naivasha. Shared Problem Solving and Prevention of terrorist Attacks The study sought to establish the influence of shared problems solving in prevention of terrorist attacks. The study findings were presented on table 4.2 as shown. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 86 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Table 4.2 Shared Problem Solving and Prevention of terrorist Attacks Statement SD D N A SA M SD community has amassed shared knowledge to combat terrorism. (125)56.1% (35)15.7% (12)5.4% (15)6.7% (36)16.1% 2.11 1.52 Community plays role in formulation of community policing (122)54.7% (45)20.2% (16)7.2% (20)9.0% (20)9.0% 1.97 1.33 community policing is increasingly being utilized (35)15.7% (33)14.8% (21)9.4% (83)37.2% (51)22.9% 3.36 1.39 Intelligence sharing is achieved through community policing (29)13.0% (47)21.1% (105)47.1% (24)10.8% (18)8.1% 2.79 1.06 Police and community are more likely work together (33)14.8% (56)25.1% (25)11.2% (31)13.9% (78)35.0% 3.29 1.51 Community policing gives the residents of this ward a voice (25)11.2% (38)17.0% (21)9.4% (73)32.7% (66)29.6% 3.52 1.36 Overall Mean 2.84 Source: Field Data (2023) The presentation of findings on table 4.2 revealed that the community has amassed sufficient shared knowledge to combat terrorism, however, as per responses obtained, majority did not agree with the statement hence, this was evidenced by 56.1% of respondents who strongly disagreed and had (mean 2.11 & Std. Dev. 1.52). The results of the findings also showed that 54.7% of respondents strongly disagreed that community plays an active role in the formulation of community policing policies and procedures. This was confirmed by (mean of 1.97 & Std. Dev. 1.33). From the study, the aim was to establish whether alongside traditional government institutions, community policing is increasingly being utilized in the fight against terrorist activity. Going by the majority of respondents, it was established that Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 87 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues 37.2% being majority agreed to the statement and this was also confirmed by (mean of 2.29 & Std. Dev. 1.37). The analysis was drawn from a study which sought to establish whether intelligence sharing can be achieved through the current community policing approach in this ward. Going by the 47.1% of respondents who were neutral, it was an indication that respondents were not sure about the idea. This was indicated by (mean of 2.79 & Std. Dev. 1.06). Further analysis showed that majority of respondents agreed that police and the community are more likely to work together under a community policing model. This was also confirmed by (mean of 3.29 & Std. Dev. 1.51). Lastly, majority of respondents who constituted 32.7% agreed that community policing gives the residents of this ward a voice in addressing safety concerns in their neighborhood, they had the opportunity to participate in promoting security in the respective wards as evidenced by (mean of 3.52 & Std. Dev. 1.36). From the overall mean of 2.84, the study deduced from the findings that shared problem solving had a significant influence in prevention of terrorist attacks. It was found that alongside traditional government institutions, community policing is increasingly being utilized in the fight against terrorist activity within the area. This was being approached by the use of local data where community identify unusual happening and shares with the police such as ‘Nyumba Kumi’ initiative’. Thus, community policing gives the residents of those wards a voice in addressing safety concerns in their neighborhood, they had the opportunity to participate in promoting security in the respective wards. These findings were closely related to a study conducted by Mutegi and Muna (2021) in the County of Machakos, Kenya on the impact of security meetings on crime reduction. According to the findings, the meeting boosted awareness between communities and government policing authorities and the community about their roles in security, as well as improved conversation between communities and government enforcement agencies. Still, a study conducted in the Kiambio slums of Nairobi County, Kenya, by Mwangangi, Kituku and Nyatiti (2020) examined the impact of the nyumba kumi initiative on crime reduction in the area. According to the study findings, majority of families believe that the police routinely include homes in crime prevention measures that have no trust in such measures. Inferential Analysis The following presentations comprises of correlation and regression analysis. Correlation Analysis The study used the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient to assess the strength of a linear relationship between two variables assumed to influence anti-terrorism efforts. A Pearson coefficient of less than 0.3 suggests a weak correlation, whereas a coefficient of more than 0.5 shows a substantial correlation among the evaluated variables in a particular study. The results of the correlation study are shown in Table 4.12. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 88 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Table 4.3 Correlation Analysis Correlations Category Prevention of terrorist Attacks Police Community Partnership Shared Problem Solving Criminal Profiling Prevention of terrorist Attacks Pearson Correlation 1 Sig. (2-tailed) N 223 Police Community Partnership Pearson Correlation .675** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 223 223 Shared Problem Solving Pearson Correlation .960** .565** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 N 223 223 223 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 N 223 223 223 223 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table 4.3 provided presentations that were developed to illustrate a pearson correlation. A correlation analysis was employed in the study to analyze the degree of strength in terms of the link which existed between numerous variables thought to be having an impact on terrorist attack prevention. As a consequence, at the 1% degree of significance, the relationship between police-community partnership and terrorist attack prevention was determined to be r=0.675. A closer look at the association between shared problem solving and terrorist attack avoidance indicated a positive correlation with r= 0.960 at the 1% level of significance. Nonetheless, the study observed a strong positive relationship between criminal profiling and terrorist attack avoidance (r=0.878 at 1% significance level). Regression Analysis A multiple regression analysis was utilized in this study to examine significance of correlation between dependent variable, police-community partnership, collaborative problem resolution, criminal profiling, and terrorist attack prevention. It was carried out to establish if there was a statistically significant relationship between the two. The study's goal was to determine whether or not the independent factors had any effect on the variable under investigation. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 89 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues On the table 4.4, the model summary was shown as follows; Table 4.4 Regression Analysis Model Model R R Squar e Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Chang e df1 df2 Sig. F Change 1 .976a .954 .953 .33327 .954 1497.4 88 3 219 .000 a. Predictors: (Constant), police-community partnership, shared problem solving According to the model summary results, the police-community collaboration, shared problem resolution, and criminal profiling may explain an adjusted R square of.953% (95.3%) in the variations on terrorist attack prevention. As a result, the remaining percentage might be explained by other factors not included in the model, which contributed 4.7%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The ANOVA was adopted to compare a range of scenarios use it to determine if there is any difference between the means of different groups Table 4.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 498.976 3 166.325 1497.488 .000b Residual 24.324 219 .111 Total 523.300 222 a. Dependent Variable: prevention of terrorist attacks b. Predictors: (Constant), police-community partnership, shared problem solving In the study represented on table 4.5, it was determined through an analysis that each of the following variables had a substantial effect in prevention of terrorist attacks: police- community partnership, shared problem solving and criminal profiling. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the significance level provided by the regression model was 0.000%, indicating that the data utilized in the research was appropriate for making conclusions about the population parameters with a level of significance lower than 0.005%. The value of F (1497.488), which does not change, is calculated by dividing the mean of the regression by the mean of the residue. This value, 0.000, indicates that the data was significant for drawing conclusions; that is, the predictor variables, namely police-community partnership, shared problem solving, and criminal profiling, show the variation in the dependent variable, namely the prevention of terrorist attacks. This value is considered to be lower than the approximated value of 0.005. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 90 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues Regression Coefficient Results The study addressed the Regression Coefficient Results and presented on table 4.6 as shown: Table 4.6: Regression Coefficient Results Source: Field Data (2023) The regression analysis model developed is specified as follows; Y = α + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3+ε: β1, β2, β3, = regression coefficients of X1, X2, and X3 ε = error item. Y=0.286+ 0.008X1 + 0.720X2 + 0.348X3 The data analysis demonstrated a positive and substantial relationship between police- community partnerships and the prevention of terrorist acts (β) 0.007, t=0.158, p value 0.05). When all other indicators were held constant, the research suggested that a unit change in police-community interaction enhanced terrorist attack prevention by 0.007 units. The data demonstrated a favorable and substantial association between shared problem solving and terrorist attack prevention (β) 0.717, t=22.941, p value >0.05). When all other parameters were held constant, the research suggested that a unit shift in collaborative problem-solving reduced the likelihood of terrorist attacks by 0.717 units. Summary and Conclusion and Recommendations This section comprises of summary of findings, recommendations and the conclusions, The summary showed police community partnership had influence in prevention of terrorist attacks. This was confirmed by an overall mean of 3.10 which had implied that due to community policing being integrated with local resources, there are chances that possibility of improving the effort to fight terrorist is being noted. However, interaction between the police and the communities in which they operate has not really strengthened attributes to reforms need to actually achieve the goal of fighting terrorists. When it came to programs that involved the community and the police working together, they looked at how well the community and the police could work together. These findings were also considered similar to Ronoh and Hamasi (2021) who conducted a study in Mombasa County, Kenya to determine the effectiveness of community-police partnership in terms of crime management It was further correlated to Social Disorganization Theories which led to the understanding that a neighborhood that has a lot of social disorganization can be a breeding ground for crime and delinquency in two different ways: first, because there are no ways to control the behavior of other people and second, because neighboring countries like Somalia have sent terrorists who are pretending to be refugees in order to spread their culture of crime The summary of findings showed that there was influence in prevention of terrorist attacks. From the overall mean of 2.84, the study deduced from the findings that shared problem solving had a significant influence in prevention of terrorist attacks. It was found that alongside traditional government institutions, community policing is increasingly being Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) .217 .088 2.461 .016 police-community partnership .741 .067 .756 10.977 .000 shared problem solving .117 .059 .129 1.976 .052 Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(3), 77 – 93. 91 Copyright © 2023 Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED), Nairobi, Kenya. http://cedred.org/jais/index.php/issues utilized in the fight against terrorist activity within the area. This was being approached by the use of local data where community identify unusual happening and shares with the police such as ‘Nyumba Kumi’ initiative’. Thus, community policing gives the residents of those wards a voice in addressing safety concerns in their neighborhood, they had the opportunity to participate in promoting security in the respective wards. The results demonstrated that meetings improved communication between communities and government policing agencies and increased understanding among communities and the community about their roles in security. The theory of Routine Activity Theory shared some insights in which it connects criminal behavior towards the routine patterns of social contact that people experience on a daily basis. As a result, crime is natural and is determined by the availability of opportunities to commit an infraction. Conclusion The study concluded that in police community partnership use of community policing as an instrument in the fight against terrorism is held in high esteem by the general and that community policing has been more integrated with local resources in the battle against terrorism. However, there is not that substantial mutual trust between law enforcement and the community they serve in order to combat the threat posed by terrorists leaving the rest of the community vulnerable to terrorist threats. In conclusion about the shared problem solving, there was general tendency to various disagreements in which community does not plays an active role in the formulation of community policing policies and procedures as expressed from the responses. This showed that leaving out the stakeholders could have jeopardized success in community policing. However, there was support about alongside traditional government institutions, community policing was increasingly being utilized in the fight against terrorist activity which was considered a greater step through which terrorist threats and interference could be prevented in this region. Recommendations The study recommends that the stakeholders comprising of the community, police and other personnel such as “nyumba kumi” should ensure that they collaborate fully in matters related to security within their political Wards. This can be achieved by integrating with local resources in the battle against terrorism regarding the community partnerships. Further to this, the police and the community should also consider building a true mutual trust between law enforcement and the community they serve in order so that they can combat various threat posed by terrorists in entire Garissa County. The study recommends that in shared problem solving, since the community policing is increasingly being utilized in the fight against terrorist activity, the national security organ should focus more effort and resources to have the shared problem-solving approaches fully realized. It is of importance for the security organ to note that community policing gives the residents of Garissa the voice in addressing safety concerns in their neighborhood, therefore, it is imperative that they are granted the opportunity to participate in promoting security in the respective wards through adoption of various suggestions that are provided. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies (JAIS): ISSN 2523-6725 (online) April 2023 Vol. 7, No. 4 Citation: Opon, C & Gacheru, E. (2023). Community Policing Role in Prevention of Terrorist Attacks in Daadab, Garissa County, Kenya. 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