Browsing by Author "Onyuka, Jackson"

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    PublicationOpen Access
    Determination of errors that compromise the quality of laboratory service in a tertiary hospital
    (Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017-01-01) Kimengech, Kenneth Kipruto; Waithaka, Stanley Kinge; Onyuka, Jackson; Kigondu, Christian Sekadde
    Background: Clinical Laboratory testing is a highly complex process that entails numerous procedures. Although it has been known that laboratory testing services are safe, it is increasingly becoming a common knowledge that they are not that safe. Studies have indicated that there are a number of errors that occur due to laboratory testing processes. These errors may not be realized easily during the testing process, but they make significant impact on the results given. Aims and Objective: To determine the levels of pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical errors found in the analysis of Clinical chemistry Laboratory specimen. Materials and Methods: A prospective and Descriptive study was carried out at Clinical Chemistry a total of 346 request forms, specimens/samples and dispatched results were scrutinized and errors documented as per the different variables in the different phases, over a period of three months and the findings were analyzed. Results: Results of the study showed that Preanalytical errors were most common with a frequency of 148(42.8%), followed by analytical errors 114 (32.9%) and post analytical errors 84 (24.3%), respectively. Conclusions: The study concludes that pre-analytical, analytical, and post analytical errors are errors that compromise the quality of laboratory service delivery, which impacts on the patient management and diagnosis. Clinical laboratory errors can be minimized if due diligence and professionalism is adhered in the laboratory
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Determination of Treatment Outcomes and Trend for Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Among Refugees in Dadaab Refugee Camps in Garissa County, Kenya
    (Journal of Public Health, 2017-01) Mohamed, Abdirashid Diney; Onyuka, Jackson; Odiwuor, Samwel
    Objective: To determine treatment outcomes and trend of Multidrug resistant Tuberculosis among refugees in Dadaab refugee camps. Research Design: Descriptive retrospective and cross-sectional study designs Location of the study: Dadaab Refugee Camps in Garissa County, Kenya. Target Population: 350,000 Sample population: 116 patients’ records who completed treatment and 74 patients who are on treatment. Data Collection Instrument: Forms for collecting secondary data and questionnaires for patients’ interview. Results: The study revealed that more males are affected than females. Males were 45(61%) while females were 29(39%), (t = -2.398; p =0.019).The population proportion in the refugee camps is 49.4% males and 50.6% females .Females are slightly more than males in the refugee camps. The study also found out that MDR- TB affects more the younger people and adults between age group 15-54 years of the refugee population which represents 66 percent (𝑋2 = 4.526; 𝑃 = 0.000).It also found out that most of the patients were previously treated for TB. This shows that previous treatment for TB is a risk factor for developing MDR- TB (91%), (𝑋2 = 25.42; 𝑃 = 0.000). There is significant difference in education and MDR- TB transmission. MDR-TB transmission mostly occurred in those with none or little education according to this research finding. The uneducated (64%) have knowledge gap in TB/MDR-TB transmission and prevention measure, (t = -16.024; p = 0.000). HIV was not a risk factor for developing MDR- TB in the refugee camps. The study revealed that there was good treatment outcome for those completed treatment as the treatment success rate was over 90 percent. The trend of MDR-TB was increasing over the years from 3 in 2009 to 67 in 2015. Conclusion: Psychological, financial and other social support is important for patients during their course of treatment. The findings illustrate that efforts should be made to prioritize the development and implementation of effective MDR-TB screening and treatment protocols for the high risk groups e.g. previously treated patients, failures, return after defaulting treatment (RAD) and those who come in to contact with MDR- TB patients, to improve treatment outcome and minize the emergence of Extensive Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB)
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Escherichia coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups in diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya
    (Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench, 2017-09) Nyanga, Peter Lokamar; Onyuka, Jackson; Webale, Mark Kilongosi; Were, Tom; Budambula, Valentine
    Aim: In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups and their antimicrobial profiles among diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. Background: Although diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups are leading causes of diarrhea in children under five years in developing countries, their distribution and antimicrobial resistance vary from place to place and over time in a given region. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled diarrheic children (n=354) under five years seeking treatment at Mbagathi Hospital, Nairobi city, Kenya,. Stool samples were collected from all children for bacterial culture. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by conventional microbiological methods. Polymerase chain amplification was used to detect aspU, aggR, andpcvd432 for EAEC, est and elt for ETEC, eae for EPEC, stx for EHEC, and ipaH for EIEC and Shigella species. Antimicrobial profile was determined by disk diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of EAEC, ETEC, EPEC (eae), EIEC (ipaH) was 21.2%, 10.5%, 4.5%, and 0.6%, respectively, while that of mixed infection was 0.6%for ETEC/EAEC and 0.3%for EAEC/EPEC/ETEC. No EHEC strain was isolated. Pathogenetic analysis for EAEC showed that5.9% carried aspU,8.2% possessed both aspU and aggR and 7.1% had a combination of aspU, aggR andpcvd432 while that of ETEC was 2.3% for elt, 6.5% for both elt and est and 1.7% for est. The combination of aspU with aggR, elt and est, and pcvd432 with aggR, aspU and est was 0.3% for each case of ETEC/EAEC mixed infection. The aspU gene co-existed with aggR, pcvd432, eae and elt in the EAEC/EPEC/ETEC mixed infection. The prevalence of S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneriand, S. sonnei was 0.8%, 0.6%, 1.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. No E. coli pathotype and shigella co-infection was detected. In addition, both E. coli pathotypes and Shigella species were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline while gentamycin and kanamycin resistance occurred in diarrheagenic E. coli. Conclusion: E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups harboring virulent genes are important causes of diarrhea in children in Kenya. The increasing spectrum of antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic E. coli and Shigella species necessitates the development of antimicrobial stewardship education-programs to influence prescribing behavior as well as optimizing the use of effective antimicrobials in Kenya