School of Social Sciences

Permanent URI for this collection

https://erepository.mku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/277

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 353

Open Access
Stressors Influencing homicide-suicide among national police service officers in Njoro subcounty, Nakuru county, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-02) Kipruto, Peter
This research study delved into the prevalent issue of Homicide-Suicide occurrences among the Kenya National Police Service, Despite the concerning rise in Homicide-Suicide incidents within security forces, comprehensive research on this phenomenon was lacking in Kenya. This study aimed to investigate stressors contributing to Homicide-Suicide among police officers, with a focus on occupational, organizational, personal, and economic aspects that influenced self-harm behaviors. Drawing from Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud and Emile Durkheim's Theory of Suicides, the research delved into the dynamics behind Homicide-Suicide incidents in the context of the National Police Service. Employing a triangulation, concurrent mixed-method research design, the target population for this study was 328. Data collection involved questionnaires and key informants’ interviews, while analysis encompassed descriptive statistics and content analysis. A sample of 180 officers were included in the study but only 136 completed and returned the questionnaires culminating in a response rate of 75.6%. In the context of personal stressors, the study scrutinized the interplay between diagnosed mental health conditions, exposure to traumatic life events, and relationship issues. The survey data revealed that a significant percentage of participants experienced symptoms of diagnosed mental health conditions due to personal stressors, impacting their well-being and ability to cope with stressors. Seeking professional help was limited, possibly due to associated stigma. Dissatisfaction with organizational support was also noted. Traumatic event exposure impacted officers' mental well-being, with organizational support playing a role in coping. Coping with relationship problems was complex, affecting both personal life and job performance. Regarding occupational stressors, the analysis focused on critical incident exposure, high workload, and job-related pressure. Many officers frequently encountered critical incidents or traumatic events, impacting their mental well-being. Organizational support for coping was perceived as insufficient. High workload affected officers' stress levels and well-being, with effective management and organizational support presenting challenges. Job-related pressure influenced mental well-being and perceptions of support. In the realm of organizational stressors, the study examined perceived support from superiors, availability of resources, and leadership effectiveness. Many officers felt unsupportive superiors hindered open communication, while resource availability was associated with officers' mental well-being. Leadership effectiveness was mixed, with communication style impacting officers' experiences. Addressing economic stressors, the research explored satisfaction with salary and benefits, financial strain, and career advancement. Many officers were dissatisfied with their compensation, feeling financial difficulties and stress due to inadequate salaries. Financial strain and debt negatively impacted officers' stress levels. Job stability and career advancement had varying effects on officers' well-being. The study's findings underscored the multifaceted nature of challenges faced by Kenyan police officers, aligning with insights from empirical literature. Recommendations encompass addressing mental health stigma, enhancing organizational support, promoting work-life balance, providing coping strategies, fostering empathetic leadership, ensuring resource availability, addressing compensation concerns, and creating supportive work environments. The outcomes contribute to the literature on Homicide-Suicide among police officers in third-world countries, offering valuable insights for policy-making by relevant agencies
Open Access
Monitoring and evaluation practices and performance of water and sanitation projects in Langata sub county, Nairobi county, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-01) Aoko, Daisy Florence
The provision of clean water and adequate sanitation is essential for sustaining human life, health, happiness, and decency. In all environments where individuals live, learn, play, work, rest, and seek medical attention, a gradual strategy is needed to ensure that sanitation and drinking water operations are safe, equitable, accessible, available, and affordable for everyone. Approximately 13,000 kids under the age of five die every year from illness linked to a lack of access to clean water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene, adding up to an estimated 484,000 children worldwide who are affected by these conditions. This study aims to assess the effect of monitoring and evaluation practices and performance of water and sanitation projects in Langata Sub County, Nairobi County in Kenya. This research proves how crucial monitoring and evaluation procedures are to the success of water and sanitation initiatives in Nairobi and other parts of Kenya. It allows practitioners to determine the most suitable practices for water and sanitation projects. The findings of this study can be used by project managers to implement various state initiatives, thus enabling them to identify the key areas for improvement to ensure long-term project optimization. Ultimately, also contributes to the closure of the knowledge gap regarding the effect of monitoring and evaluation practices on the performance of water and sanitation projects. Therefore, the main significance of this project is the fact that it enhances how people understand the most effective strategies for addressing global water and sanitation concerns. The study sought to achieve four specific objectives; to assess the effect of the baseline survey, M& E planning, budgetary allocation for M & E, and evaluation scheduling on the performance of water and sanitation projects in Langata Sub County. The study used a descriptive study design. It utilized an explanatory survey research design to examine the interconnection between the predictor and predicted variables in the context of monitoring and evaluation and how they influence the performance of water and sanitation projects in the geographical area of Langata sub-county in Nairobi, Kenya. This explanatory survey approach enables the study to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship and explore other potential associations among the study variables. The study was conducted in Langata Sub County, Nairobi County, targeting officers providing water and sanitation services. The study targeted all 245 officials managing several water and sanitation projects by the county government of Nairobi. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data. The questionnaire was tested to ascertain its validity and reliability before the data collection exercise. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS. The findings were presented using charts and tables. The study found that Baseline Studies had a statistically significant positive relationship with perceived performance, with a coefficient of 0.257 and a significance level (Sig.) of 0.012. Similarly, the structural framework shows a significant positive relationship (coefficient = 0.490, Sig. = 0.000) with perceived performance. In the case of planning, the study revealed a statistically significant positive relationship, with a coefficient of 0.210 and a significance level of 0.035. Furthermore, Scheduling also demonstrates a positive relationship, boasting a coefficient of 0.204 and a significance level of 0.024, thus indicating statistical significance. The study concludes that baseline data practices, M&E planning practices, adherence to the structural framework, and M&E scheduling had significant contributions to the performance of water and sanitation projects. The study’s theoretical framework draws upon two main theories: program theory and results-based management (RBM). Program theory, as described by Patton (2002) and supported by scholars such as Huey Chen, Peter Rossi, Michael Quinn Patton, and Carol Weiss, is focused on comprehending the process through which change is implemented within programs and the drivers responsible for this change. RBM, on the other hand, originated in the 1980s and became increasingly popular in the next decades. This approach focuses on the achievement of sustainable outcomes through clear goal-setting, monitoring, and evaluation.
Open Access
Impact of informal cross border trade on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations, 2010-2020
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-04) Onditi, Atozo Zachariah
This paper examines the multifaceted impact of informal cross-border trade on the Kenya and Uganda foreign relations Kenya and Uganda during the period from 2010 to 2020. Informal cross-border trade has been a prominent feature of the economic landscape between these two East African neighbours, contributing significantly to their economies. However, this dynamic trade relationship has also been accompanied by challenges and opportunities that have influenced their diplomatic interactions. Through a comprehensive review of academic literature, government reports, and new articles, this study analyses the economic, social and political implications of informal cross-border trade on the Kenya-Uganda foreign relationship. It explores how factors such as trade policies, border regulations, and infrastructural developments have shaped the nature of cross-border interactions and influenced bilateral ties. The findings suggest that informal cross-border trade has played a dual role in Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. On one hand it has fostered economic integration, strengthened people-to- people connections, and contributed to poverty alleviation in border communities. On the other hand, challenges such as smuggling, informal taxation, and border disputes have strained diplomatic relations and highlighted the need for enhanced cooperation and regulation. Overall, this paper argues that informal cross-border trade has been a significant determinant of Kenya- Uganda foreign relations, shaping the dynamics of cooperation and competition between the two countries. The period from 2010-2020 witnessed a significant expansion of informal cross- border trade between Kenya and Uganda, driven by factors such as proximity, shared cultural ties, and economic complementarity. This trade phenomenon, predominantly conducted by small-scale traders operating outside formal regulatory frameworks, has contributed to the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, stimulating local economies and enhancing regional integration. The study was guided by three objectives; To analyse the background of informal cross border trade on the Kenya-Uganda foreign relations; To establish the informal commodities traded on the Kenya-Uganda border and; To analyse the mode of movement of informal commodities on the Kenya-Uganda border. The study used territoriality and universality, two opposing theories to interpret the impact of informal cross-border trade on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. The idea of universalism is to provide one with the sole authority to manage resources and obligations. The territoriality doctrine is a legal principle that states that the laws of a particular jurisdiction apply within the physical boundaries of that jurisdiction. In other words, a country’s laws and regulation generally have authority and jurisdiction within its own territory. In the study, both primary and secondary data was used. The study targeted 150 border traders between Kenya and Uganda as well and 10 key informants. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents, some were chosen at random with trade viewpoints and participation readiness as the top priorities. It concludes by proposing policy recommendations aimed at harnessing the potential benefits of informal trade while addressing its associated challenges to promote sustainable economic growth and diplomatic harmony in the region.
Open Access
A history of sisal farming in Makueni, Kenya 1965 – 2018
(Mount Kenya University, 2023-05) Kivuva, Mark Kisangi
According to ADRA, the global sisal production declined by 50% in the year 2018. This is the largest decline recorded since the inception of the crop, therefore this justifies the researcher’s choice of the period between 1965-2018. The purpose of this study was to document the origin, growth and decline of sisal farming in Makueni, Kenya between 1965 - 2018. The objectives of the study aims at examining the origin of sisal farming, the growth of sisal farming and documenting the decline of sisal farming in Makueni. The significance of this study is that the study will add knowledge to the sisal farmers which in turn will earn foreign exchange through exportation this research used few theories for instance theory of historical inquiry which gives a detailed explanation on the history of sisal farming in Makueni, Kenya 1965-2018. The study used qualitative research design. The sample size was determined using Morgan and krejice (1970) sample size determination table. The target population of the study is 210 respondents therefore a sample of 136 respondents was used as per Morgan and krejice sample size determination table. Secondary data was obtained through text analysis. Secondary documentary material was assembled from the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi. In - depth interviews was used to collect primary data from two government agencies who have been involved in marketing of sisal. In depth interview guide was used to take forward a conversation with each respondent, raising questions and exploring key issues and areas of interest. It includes open questions, which was completely unbiased. Secondary data collected through text analysis and Primary data collected through in depth interviews and group discussions were analyzed using thematic analysis. The recorded data interview guide was transcribed, anonymized and coded then subjected to thematic analysis. When new themes was identified, the already coded materials were to ensure that the themes identified are consistent across the respondents. Data was presented thematically i.e. according to the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that sisal farming in Makueni have their origin in the colonial era. Liberalization of the sisal sector in the 1990s exposed sisal estates to competition among themselves and other firms which was resulting from entrance of new firms into the sisal sector.. This study is significant to the government, policymakers, researchers and sisal farming especially in regard to understanding origin, growth and history of sisal farming in Makueni and in comprehending the effects of liberalization on the sisal farming.
Open Access
A biography of the late senior chief Kathuru Nyagah of Thagicu-Kitui county, Kenya, 1918-1998
(Mount Kenya University, 2023-05-09) Nduku, Peter Mugendi
The study of biographies of those personalities who have contributed in one way or the other in influencing history can be quite fascinating because it furthers our understanding of broader issues and processes in any given society. Such colonial chiefs included senior chief Waruhiu wa Kung’u, chief Musa Nyandusi, Odera Akong’o, Njiri wa Karanja and paramount chief Kinyanjui Gathirimu just to name a few. As I read through the literature on colonial chiefs, it occurred to me that there is no one who has written a biography on colonial chiefs in Thagicu District even though there were a few chiefs among them the likes of senior chief Kathuru Nyagah and chief Mwendwa wa Kitavi who played very important roles in shaping the destinies of their people. The mention of the name of senior chief Kathuru among the Thagicu rekindles memories of a leader who through collaboration with colonial officials played a significant role in improving the lives of Thagicu people. This thesis was an attempt to write the biography of the Late Senior Chief Kathuru Nyagah of Thagicu community. The Late was born around 1918 and passed away in 1998 having lived for a record of eighty years. He was first appointed a Headman in 1943 before being made a chief in 1947. He was an extremely rare type that was hard to come by during the colonial period. His loyalty in serving the colonial government was unquestionable. It is therefore no wonder that chief Kathuru was made the most powerful chief in Thagicu-Kitui District by being given the title of a Senior Chief. His popularity as well as his reputation suffered a great deal when he was carrying out his duties as a colonial chief. In other words, chief Kathuru acted as the cutting edge of the colonial sword and the result was that he quite often collided with his people. The brutal attempt to assassinate chief Kathuru showed and awakened the colonial officers in Kitui to the gravity of the Mau Mau activities in Thagicu-Kitui District. This thesis will add to the existing literature on colonial history by among other things examining the working of the colonial government in Thagicu-Kitui district during the colonial period. Likewise it is expected that this thesis fills important gaps which list on the available information on chief Kathuru which apart from being scanty is scattered in various documents. The result of this study will also raise the curiosity for further studies in the same field by future scholars who will use this work as a reference in their works.
Open Access
Factors associated with alcohol use disorder among drivers of public service vehicles in Moshi Kilimanjaro region Tanzania
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-06) Meela, Joseph Bazil
Public service vehicles are essential components of transportation networks, Alcohol Use Disorder among drivers is an important problem as it poses serious dangers to public safety. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) affects more than 283 million individuals and 3 million people died in 2018 due to alcohol use disorder leaving behind 132 million people with Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), whereby males are more affected than women about three- quarters globally. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol use disorder among drivers of Public Service vehicles in Moshi Kilimanjaro. This was a mixed-methods study with analytical cross-sectional research using stratified proportional random sampling to choose 292 respondents, Stata version 15 was used for data analysis. Frequency and proportions were used to describe categorical data, while measures of central tendency and the corresponding measures of dispersion were used to summarize continuous variables and the Log-binomial model for factors associated with Alcohol Use Disorder among drivers of public vehicles. A multivariable log-binomial model was used for the control of confounders and to test the effect modifier. The significance level for each analysis was set at 5%, and all tests two-tailed. Qualitative data was gathered through key-informant interviews, and the drivers' individual experiences and viewpoints about alcohol usage were recorded using an audio-recorder. Qualitative results were analyzed using thematic analysis through an iterative process using NVivo software. This study was able to recruit 295 participants, all were men, and 83.0% of the respondents admitted to drinking alcohol. This study revealed a 63% prevalence of alcohol use disorder drivers. Social determinant factors like Stress due to work or family related (PR=1.56; 95%CI,1.05 to 2.32; P<0.027), Source of alcohol beverage (PR=3.84 (95%CI,1.37to10.72; P<.01), Low price (PR= 2.06; 95%CI,1.09 to 3.88; P<.025), and Siblings use (PR=1.66; 95%CI, 0.097 to 2.85; P<.062) showed strong association with alcohol use disorder among the driver. However qualitative data demonstrated Stress, cheap alcohol, cultural norms, parent usage, use of other drugs and readily available, as risk factors for alcohol use disorder. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of addressing the various factors such as low price, stress (work or family-related), sibling’s use, sources of alcoholic beverages, and exhibited increased risks of hazardous alcohol use in both the crude and adjusted models (p < 0.05). By enabling the implementation of strict alcohol laws that prohibit drinking during work hours, raising taxes, and carrying out regular alcohol testing, as well as treatment programs, extensive education and awareness campaigns that highlight the dangers and effects of alcohol use disorder to establish preventative and safety measures to promote health and well-being of drivers.
Open Access
Assesment of physical violence among prisoners in Mogadishu central prison, Somalia
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-05) Ahmed, Bashir Ali
Violence is defined as the wilful of use physical force on another person self or community resulting in trauma, psychological harm, or even death. It may be in the form of deprivation, emotional or sexual offense, or physical or psychological. In prisons, various forms of violence are committed globally. However, they are commonly done in secrecy making it difficult to establish. The main objective was to assess the causes and effects of physical violence in Mogadishu Central Prison (MCP) in Somalia. The target population for the study was prisoners in the prison. The study is necessitated by repeated appeals from some of the local and international human rights organizations that there is an unreported high level of violence within prisons in the country and that the situation in prisons is extremely serious warranting evaluation. The study assessed the causes and gravity of violence committed by prison wardens against the background of the training they had received. In addition, the research determined assault among prisoners themselves. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was applied to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Systematic sampling was used to select prisoners, while purposive sampling was used to select key informants. The study used questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observation checklists as data collection tools. Quantitative analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27 and both Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s Chi-square to test for associations and relationships between variables, after descriptive analysis had been done. Qualitative analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. The study found that 94% of the inmates were male whereas 6% were female, about 52% were married while 34% were single and 14% were divorced, and that most (46.4%) inmates were young aged between 18-25 years. On the other hand, the study determined that 68.5% of the prisoners had primary or no educational background, about 30% had small businesses, 17% were employed and 40% were unemployed. The overall prevalence of physical violence in the prison was 16.3%, with the majority of violence being conducted by convicts against other inmates, but also there were instances of violence committed against prison staff. The prevalence among inmates was 15% and prisoners against warden/prison staff was 1.3%. The most common types of physical violence were fist fights (11.8%), flogging (1.6%), use of weapons or other instruments (1.6%) such as razor blades, throwing shoes at each other, or use of finger rings and slapping (1.3%). The causes of violence were identified as misunderstanding (6.9%), disrespect (4.6%), fighting over resources due to overcrowding (3.6%), lack of rules and regulations (0.6%), and disregard of rules and regulations (0.6%). The effects of violence included behavioural changes (2.9%), insomnia (2.3%), anxiety (0.7%), and injuries (4.6%), with 1.6% of the injuries requiring medical attention at the prison medical facility. In improving the conditions in the prison environment, the study recommends training for prison staff, improving infrastructure to ease overcrowding, addressing socioeconomic disparities, and implementing policies to enforce compliance
Open Access
An assessment of organizational factors affecting utilization of monitoring and evaluation results in delivering government programs: a case of Ministry of Education and Sports, Uganda
(Mount Kenya University, 2023-10) Nobert, Ssali
The field of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) has often been restricted to emphasizing the technical aspects of conducting M&E. However, it is progressively being acknowledged that the organizational and institutional dimensions of respective organizations are regularly more influential and difficult to organize as far as mainstreaming the adoption and utilization of M&E is concerned. This study sought to assess the different organizational factors which affect utilization of M&E results in delivering Government programs in Uganda. In particular, the study objectives: (i) examined how information availability affects utilization of M&E results in Ministry of Education and Sports; (ii) examined how information processing skills affect utilization of M&E results in Ministry of Education and Sports; and, (iii) examined how beliefs, values and attitude affect utilization of M&E results in Ministry of Education and Sports. The study methodology entailed grounded theory research methods as well as quantitative research methods. Under the quantitative research aspect, the study covered an effective study sample of 191 respondents on whom a structured questionnaire was administered. Quantitative analysis entailed tallying and subsequent analysis of the responses to generate summary statistics which were discussed according to objectives of the study. The study’s findings, among others, reveal that: the culture of utilizing M&E results in routine operations of the MoES is very low; M&E information which is stored as manual paper records subjects the information to wastage through poor handling and physical deterioration of the paper files; and poorly presented M&E results have a negative effect on utilization of M&E results. The study generated a number of recommendations, which inter alia include: MoES should design and implement a mind – set change programme for all staff of the Ministry, especially those at managerial and political leadership levels, to enhance the embracing and utilization of M&E results to inform decision making; MoES should design and implement regular and sustainable capacity building and retooling programmes for all staff involved in the generation, analysis, preparation, presentation and utilization of M&E results; MoES should embark on a programme to migrate its M&E records and management procedures from paper – based systems to digital systems that are inherently linked to the EMIS; and MoES should develop a culture of evidence – based decision making through utilization of research findings as well as M&E results. It is envisaged that the findings generated from this project study will provide an insight to different Government MDAs on the relevance of M&E results utilization for budgeting, planning, and policy formulation. In addition, the study findings are envisaged to enable MoES appreciate the need for installation of appropriate information management systems necessary for improved streamlining and mainstreaming of M&E results utilization. The study recommends different areas where additional research should be undertaken and these inter alia include analyzing the impact of political guidance and decisions on the practice and utility of M&E results in Government institutions; and inquiry into how the Principal – Agent theory influences the acceptance, utilization and mainstreaming of M&E results in Government agencies.
Open Access
Influence of institutional factors on gender mainstreaming in selected Bungoma county goverment ministries, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-03) Abdalla, Hamisi Amiri
Gender mainstreaming has been a political issue in Kenya for quite a lengthy period. It has been called for in various institutions of society such as education, sports, business, and governance. There has been an outcry against the governance in Kenya from regime to regime as regards fewer positions occupied by women in leadership. In as much as gender refers to the roles and duties that both men and women hold, this study focused on women. This study was carried out in Bungoma County, Kenya. The broad objective was to analyze the influence of institutional factors constraining gender mainstreaming in the county government of Bungoma. The specific objectives were: i) to examine the influence of political goodwill on gender mainstreaming in selected Bungoma County government Ministries ii) to establish the influence of patriarchy-based institutional culture on gender mainstreaming in selected Bungoma County Governments Ministries, and iii) To determine the influence of policy framework in selected Bungoma County government Ministries. The research design was a descriptive study that analyzed selected Bungoma County Ministries and specifically focused on the status of gender mainstreaming implementation in the Ministries. The study used Liberal Feminism to explain the theoretical framework. The study used a mixed-method approach in the data collection leading to the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. The sample population was 246 derived from a target population of 2500 employees of the selected Bungoma County Government Ministries which included the Ministries of Health, Transport, Agriculture, Education, and Gender. An office of relevance to this study was the Office of Bungoma County Women Representative and that of the Chair of the Gender Affairs Committee in the County Assembly. A stratified sampling technique allowed for the placing of respondents into strata that helped in the calculation of a specific sample size, which was representative of the target population. Data were collected through document review, closed and open-ended questionnaires, and face-to-face interviews. The study found that while Bungoma County's government ministries have a political environment and policy framework that should theoretically support gender mainstreaming, there is a significant disconnect between these theoretical underpinnings and the actual practices within the institutions. The institutional culture, dominated by patriarchal norms, presents significant obstacles to gender mainstreaming. Furthermore, despite the presence of supportive policies, their ineffective implementation hinders progress towards gender equality.
Open Access
Evaluation on the implications of terror activities on national unity and governance in Lamu county
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-04) Yaqub, Shokole Boru
Terrorism poses a significant global concern, threatening the fabric of societies and governance structures. This research study aimed to conduct evaluation of the effect of terror activities and their effects on national unity and governance within Lamu County .The studies objectives included; to evaluate the effect of frequency of terror incidents on national unity and governance in Lamu County, to find out the effect of intensity of terror incidents on national unity and governance in Lamu County and to establish the effect of target selection of terror attack on national unity and governance in Lamu County and to examine the effectiveness of Counter-Terrorism Measures on national unity and governance in Lamu County. The study was anchored under Social Identity Theory, Governance and Legitimacy Theory and Rational Choice Theory. The research employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques. To achieve its objectives, the study randomly selected 100 participants from Lamu County, representing a diverse range of stakeholders including community members, government officials, and religious leaders. The data collection method involved structured questionnaires. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The findings are expected to inform policy formulation, resource allocation, and community engagement initiatives aimed at fostering resilience, promoting social cohesion, and safeguarding the integrity of governance institutions. The study revealed significant negative effects of terror incidents on various aspects of community life and governance, including diminished sense of unity, heightened fear and anxiety, erosion of trust in local governance structures, and challenges to maintaining law and order. Regression analysis further confirmed the influence of frequency, intensity, target selection, and effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures on national unity and governance, explaining 84.3% of the variance in the dependent variable. The findings revealed the multifaceted effect of terrorism on social cohesion and governance effectiveness, highlighting the urgent need for cohesive responses and effective security measures to address these challenges and promote resilience within the community. Recommendations for further studies include longitudinal analysis of counter-terrorism measures, comparative studies across regions, and qualitative exploration of community perceptions and coping strategies
Open Access
A research propasal submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirment for the award of master of arts degree in governance and ethics of Mount Kenya university
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-03) Mulanda, Felix Mmata
v ABSTRACT Corporate Governance plays a pivotal role in shaping the performance trajectory of organizations. This study delves into the intricate interplay between corporate governance elements and the overall performance of the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) in Uganda, focusing on the period from 2013 to 2020. By leveraging insights from Agency Theory and Modern Portfolio Theory and the Upper Echelons Theory, the research seeks to explore how transparency, accountability, equity, and board composition impact organizational performance. The Agency Theory defined as an interdependence or relationship between the principals and the agents. This relationship was viewed as a contract between the agent and the principal. The Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) which refers to an investment theory that allows investors to assemble an asset portfolio that maximizes expected return for a given level of risk. Upper Echelons Theory (UET) opines that managerial characteristics such as tenure, age, education, functional background, financial position, and socioeconomic roots affect the outcomes of organizations. Indeed, the landscape of corporate governance has evolved into a critical determinant of organizational success, with various components influencing the decision-making processes and strategic trajectories of entities. This research centers its investigation on the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) in Uganda, scrutinizing the dynamic relationship between corporate governance practices and the fund's performance during the eight-year span from 2013 to 2020. The study adopts a descriptive research design, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The research scope encompasses the entire staff complement of NSSF Uganda, involving directors, managers, and staff members. The data collection process utilizes Microsoft Excel VBA for effective organization and analysis. Employing a mixed-methodology approach, the study amalgamates qualitative insights garnered from questionnaires with quantitative data analysis, ensuring a robust and objective assessment. The analysis reveals significant correlations between transparency, accountability, equity, and board composition, illuminating their collective influence on the organizational performance of NSSF Uganda. These correlations are identified as substantial predictors of the Fund's success, emphasizing the interdependence of these governance elements. The findings of this research transcend theoretical discourse and extend into the realm of practical applications, particularly for stakeholders in the pension sector. The study advocates for the strategic alignment of organizational strategies with the identified relationships between transparency, accountability, equity, and board composition. This alignment is posited to optimize organizational performance, fostering sustained success and enhancing stakeholderconfidence in the pension sector. Beyond its practical implications, this research significantly contributes to the academic discourse surrounding corporate governance and organizational performance. It adds nuanced insights to the existing body of knowledge, offering a deeper understanding of how specific governance elements impact organizational outcomes. The study recommends the development and implementation of robust corporate governance structures within organizations, emphasizing transparency, accountability, equity, and the composition of a well-structured board. These elements are identified as crucial enablers of good governance practices, poised to elevate organizational performance. In conclusion, the research affirms the integral role of transparency, accountability, equity, and board composition in effective corporate governance, positioning them as positive determinants of organizational performance. The implications of these findings extend beyond NSSF Uganda, providing valuable insights for organizations seeking to fortify their governance frameworks and drive sustained success. This comprehensive analysis lays a foundation for future research endeavors and informs strategic decision-making processes within the realm of corporate governance.
Open Access
Assessment of communication adjustment in oral language production and use in social contexts among children with mental disabilities in special units in Vihiga county
(Mount Kenya University, 2023-09) Dembeko, Roselyne Indangasi
Effective communication has a pivotal role in the fundamental aspects of human existence. Language serves as the fundamental framework for facilitating communication. Communication adjustment is the act of modifying one's communication style in accordance with the interlocutors and contextual factors in order to enhance comprehension. Children with mental impairments experience a delay in their overall development, particularly in their cognitive ability, as compared to typically developing children. As a result, individuals experience difficulties in speech and language, resulting in impaired communication effectiveness. Consequently, they experience discrimination. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of communication adjustment in oral language use among children with mental disorders. The study was conducted with the aim of achieving three objectives: firstly, to evaluate the various communication adjustment activities that impact speech production and utilisation; secondly, to establish the correlation between these adjustment activities and the oral language use in social settings; and finally, to assess the impact of care givers on the language use in social contexts of children with mental disabilities. The utilisation of communication accommodation theory was employed to establish the connection between the variables and to fulfil the stated objectives. The research utilised a descriptive survey design. The sample for this study was selected from the specialised units of Vihiga County. The primary instrument employed for data collection was the observation schedule. The timetable was augmented through the inclusion of interviews, questionnaires, and focused discussion groups. The study instruments' validity was evaluated by professionals from the languages department at Mount Kenya University. The gadget produced data of both qualitative and quantitative kind. The data was subjected to analysis utilising descriptive statistical techniques, such as frequency counts and tabulation. The research revealed that engaging in communicative adjustment activities had a positive impact on the speech production and usage of children with minor mental disorders residing in Vihiga County. This necessitated language educators to possess a comprehensive understanding of several communicative adjustment actions. The teachers' comprehension of the adjustment activities and their effective implementation consistently contributes to the improvement of speech production and utilisation in mentally challenged youngsters. The study revealed a significant correlation between communicative adjustment skills and oral language usage among children with mental disorders in Vihiga County.The study revealed that individuals who utilised interactive activities within a home setting to facilitate the development of communication skills in children with modest mental disorders had notable improvements in their spoken language proficiency. Research has revealed that the implementation of early intervention programmes aimed at enhancing language skills in children with modest intellectual impairments has resulted in notable improvements in their oral language proficiency. The study further observed that language instructors and care givers exert a significant impact on the language production and use of children with mental disorders in Vihiga County. The impact of language instructors and care givers on the language production and usage of children with mental disorders can be either beneficial or detrimental. The linguistic patterns employed by care givers exert a significant impact on the language creation and utilisation of children who have mental disorders. The proficiency and expertise of the language instructor have a significant impact on the linguistic development and use of children with cognitive impairments. The significance of both the number and quality of care givers' verbal interactions is crucial in facilitating language creation and use among children with mental disorders, since these factors work together synergistically.
Open Access
Analysis of the role of international community in restructuring Somalia’s regional goverments legal system: a case of Somalia mainland
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-02) Dirye, Ibrahim Mohamed
One of the most important problems facing modern Somalia on its way to security and rebuilding is the lack of a fair and equal justice system. The general objective of the study was to analyse the role played by the international community in the restructuring of the legal system in Somalia Mainland. The specific objectives were to; determine the status of the Somali’s Legal systems, examine the role of international community in restructuring the legal system in Somalia Mainland, determine the key international players with initiatives in the justice sector, examining their programs and their purpose of fit in restructuring the justice sector in Somalia Mainland. The study was guided by the theory of Change, Institutional Theory and Stakeholder theory. The study employed case study design. The study was deemed useful in understanding the status of the Somali Legal systems, the role of international community in restructuring the legal system in Somalia and role of Key International players in the restructuring the justice sector in Somalia. The target population comprised 30 participants made up of 4 government legal experts (attorney general and solicitor general), 2 legal scholars from City University of Mogadishu, 3 law reform officials, 9 NGO and UN representatives, 7 civil group officials and 5 clergymen. Purposive sampling was used to select the 4 government legal experts, 2 legal scholars from City University of Mogadishu, 3 law reform officials, 9 NGO and UN representatives, 7 civil group officials and 5 clergymen. Data collection was based on two major methods, document analyses and in-depth interviews. Content analysis involved identifying, analyzing and interpreting patterns of meaning within qualitative data and reporting them in prose form. The text transcript data synthesised similar ideas were put together based on the themes outlined in the research objectives. The findings revealed that that the Somali legal system is a complex and hybrid structure that combines elements of customary law, Islamic law (Sharia), and formal statutory law inherited from the colonial era. The findings also showed that the international community has been actively involved in providing legal training and capacity building to Somali legal professionals and institutions. Finally, it was established that UN, The European Union (EU), The United Kingdom (UK), and African Union Mission in Somalia are the main international players and have played a pivotal role in the reformation of the justice sector in Somalia through various agencies and missions. The study concludes that Somali mainland legal system remains a complex and evolving amalgamation of customary law, Islamic law, and formal statutory law. While significant progress has been made in recent years to restructure and strengthen the justice sector, numerous challenges persist. The study thus recommends that to enhance the immediate Somali mainland legal systems, stakeholders should focus on harmonizing the various sources of law, ensuring consistency in the application of customary law, Islamic law, and statutory law.
Open Access
Assesment of banditry implications on socio-economic development in Baringo south sub-county, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-03) Chemase, Dickson Ngutunya
Banditry incidents have affected locals in various ways like displacement from homes, poor health concerns, closure of schools, increase of poverty, low literacy levels, and unfavourable business environment in some parts of the Sub-County. The researcher was concerned that insecurity was perceived to be a factor in slow socio-economic development because people cannot engage in meaningful developmental activities in an area where they fear for their lives due to crime threat. Addressing banditry issues require integrated collaboration from all stakeholders. This is evident in various efforts put by several leaders aimed at stopping banditry. Both national and County governments have put in place significant measures to enhance security, but challenges still exist. Therefore, this research studied the influence of banditry to socio-economic development in Baringo South Sub-County. The study investigated causes of banditry, assessed the implications of banditry to average income levels, implications of banditry on literacy levels and identified possible solutions to banditry. Theoretical review of banditry in relation to socio-economic development is extrapolated to enhance understanding of the document readers. The study findings can assist in informing governments and communities on ways of curbing banditry through prevention, mitigation, or both measures. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used in selecting sample for the study. The sample size was 364 residents. Chiefs, Assistant chiefs, Assistant County Commissioners (ACCs) and Deputy County Commissioner (DCC) of Baringo South Sub-County were included as key informants for the study. Mixed research methods of combining quantitative and qualitative were used in the study, with instruments for data collection being closed ended questions questionnaires and open-ended structured interview schedules. To test validity and reliability of research instruments, a pilot study was carried out at Baringo North Sub-County, which is a location that had similar environment and banditry challenges just like the study area. The study found that there are various causes of banditry with pasture and water disputes, cultural beliefs and attachment to livestock, commercial interests and access to small arms and light weapons being the most significant causes. The study also found that banditry has significant consequences on income levels of residents. Banditry affects average income levels of locals through its significant effect on aspects such as poverty; destruction of business activities, displacements from home, creating an unfavorable climate for investors, unemployment, and employees’ willingness to work in the area. Further, the findings of the study demonstrated that banditry has significant implications on literacy levels through its effect on closure of schools, instilling fear in teachers, parents and learners, school dropouts, learners walking long distances to access schools and late entry to schools by children. As a result of the effect of banditry on average income levels and literacy, there are various mitigation and prevention measures identified that can be enhanced to contain banditry and its effect on the communities. The study recommends that communities in banditry prone areas should be empowered and enlightened in diversified economic activities so as to stop overreliance on livestock farming. Future research should focus on evaluating gender variation on the social- economic effect of banditry in Baringo South Sub-County. The assessment will bring differences on how men and women are affected by banditry and provide effective humanitarian support to all genders.
Open Access
Analysis of morphophonemic process in dholuo and suba languages of Rusinga island, Homabay county ,Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-02) Ochieng, Alouch Connie
The research focused on analyzing morphophonemic processes in Dholuo and Suba languages spoken on Rusinga Island, Homa Bay County, Kenya. The study had three primary objectives: first, to examine the phonology of both Dholuo and Suba; second, to conduct a comparative analysis of verbs in these languages; and third, to investigate lexical structures within Dholuo and Suba. Guided by the independent parallel theory, emphasizing shared origins among languages, the study employed a sampling technique involving both purposive and random methods to select participants. Data collection utilized interviews and observation schedules, engaging individuals across various age groups and interacting with businesspeople in marketplaces. Language interaction in this economic sector, especially in the context of fishing, played a crucial role. Qualitative data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's findings may prompt linguists to reassess Suba as not purely Bantu, potentially closely linked to the Luhya language. Furthermore, the research could contribute to preserving the endangered Suba language. Notably, the Dholuo language's influence on Suba language vocabulary was found to be minimal. However, evidence of language shift among Suba speakers, who use Dholuo in business interactions in Homa Bay County (where the majority speak Luo), was observed. These insights, totaling approximately 350 words, underscore the significance of linguistic diversity and potential implications for the preservation and understanding of regional languages.
Open Access
Influence of social heterogeneity on performance of development projects in Lugari sub county, Kakamega county, in Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2023) Wawire, Nashon
This study explored how social heterogeneity influenced the performance of three specific development projects, namely Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project, National Agricultural and Livestock Extension Programme & Small Dairy Commercialization Programme within Lugari, Kakamega County. Many studies have raised alarm on the poor performance of donor funded projects and have advanced different reasons as being responsible and so is this study. The findings from this study aim at providing insight into the subject of study and furthermore add new knowledge to the existing body in the field of social development and more specifically on the place of social interactions. The study employed a descriptive research design where 94 households were sampled through cluster sampling technique. It a adopted a questionnaire as the tool for collecting required data from the respondents. Data reliability was ensured through administering a test and re-test on a pilot scale to a group o f individuals who exhibited similar characteristics to the actual sample which brought out the same results. Opinions were then sought from experts/lecturers in the department of Social and Development Studies to establish t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a d o p t e d research instrument. Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing the collected data. The collected data was organized and analyzed through st atistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and MS Excel which supported to determine the Sum, Mean and Standard deviation. The analyzed results were presented in tables. It also confirmed level of influence for each of the variables through a correlational test using Pearson product moment which analyzed the data and p-value tested the significance level. The analysis established that three variables-economic, educational, and social capital diversities positively influenced project performance while ethnic diversity had both a positive and negative influence. This study also revealed that these projects’ benefits accrued only to fewer people and still were not long- lasting making the projects unsustainable. The study makes the following recommendations: that ethnic diversity need to clearly be understood and factored into the design and implementation of projects if they are to achieve desired results. Secondly, that deliberate effort by development agents should be made to ensure the wealth status of project members does not take over to undermine the desire by those from the lower economic strata to express themselves and participate in collective initiatives within their communities. Thirdly, that development agents be cognizant of the twin role education levels play in shaping the direction of a project where it could aid or thwart collective action. Finally, that social capital building in its different forms is vital to enhancing project performance, so this should be harnessed.
Open Access
Transitional justice programmes and post conflict community coexsistence in Isiolo central sub-county, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-05) Mugendi, Njeru Charles
Transitional justice is expected to bring about peaceful coexistence between and among communities in conflict. In spite of its application in communities’ post-conflict situations, conflicts have persisted and worse conflicts emerge, thus questioning the effectiveness of transitional justice. The study sought to uncover the influence of transitional justice programmes on post conflict community coexistence in Isiolo Central Sub-County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to analyze the effect of truth seeking initiatives on peaceful coexistence of communities in Isiolo Central Sub-County, Kenya; to identify the relationship between reparation programs and peaceful community coexistence in Isiolo Central Sub-County Kenya; to evaluate the effect of criminal prosecution tools on peaceful community coexistence in Isiolo Central Sub-County, Kenya and to identify the relationship between institutional reforms and peaceful community coexistence in Isiolo Central Sub-County. The study was guided by positive and negative peace theory. A mixed methods research methodology was adopted for the study. The study adopted a concurrent research design. The target population of the study was 121, 066 people from Isiolo Central Sub-County. The sample size comprised of 399 civilians, 4 chiefs and the Sub-County commissioner and the deputy Sub-County Commissioners from Isiolo Central Sub-County. The civilians were selected through convenient sampling while the key informants through purposive sampling. Data was collected using a questionnaire for civilians and an interview schedule for key informants. The study generated quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program version 26.0. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics where frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency and variance were discussed. Inferential statistics comprising of chi-square were used in determining the association between the dependent and independent variables. The findings of the study revealed that truth seeking practices had a significant effect on peaceful coexistence of communities in Isiolo Central Sub-County (p-value=0.0004). The study further found that reparation programmes had a statistically significant effect on peaceful coexistence of the community in Isiolo Central Sub-County (p-value<0.00001). The study also found that criminal prosecution tools had a statistically significant effect on peaceful coexistence of the community in Isiolo Central Sub-County (p-value<0.00001). From the findings of the study, institutional reforms had a statistically significant effect on peaceful coexistence of the community in Isiolo Central Sub-County (p-value=0.008). The study recommends that measures be put in place to ensure that witnesses, victims and perpetrators are protected from any form of harm and discrimination. The study also recommended that more resources should be allocated towards reparation programmes, institutional reforms, witness protection and justice reforms to further enhance their effectiveness. The study suggests that future research should focus on other factors that affect positive coexistence in the community such as political and governance factors. Future studies should also focus on factors associated with the low utilization of reparation programmes. The findings will be useful to the government, non-governmental organizations, civil society groups, stakeholders and the general public as well as future scholars.
Open Access
Hunger safety net programme and the socio-economic well- being of vulnerable groups during the covid-19 pandemic in Loima – Turkana, Kenya
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-06) Namuya, Jeremiah Lokitoe
Established in 2009, Kenya's Hunger Safety Net Program (HSNP) plays a pivotal role in providing unconditional income support to vulnerable households, especially during severe droughts. Notably, amidst the challenging circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, the HSNP successfully maintained its crucial functions. The pandemic had a profound impact on Kenya's economy, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups, with the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) reporting a 90% increase in individuals requiring urgent assistance from August 2020 to February 2021, particularly in Turkana County. Throughout this period, the HSNP continued its core mission of delivering regular and emergency cash transfers to vulnerable Kenyans without modification. However, the lack of adaptability, including unchanged payment cycles, household cash value, and targeted beneficiaries, posed a significant risk of exacerbating poverty and food insecurity for the 7117 households registered under the HSNP program. The limited research on the HSNP program's effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the need to address this knowledge gap. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Hunger Safety Net Program (HSNP) in enhancing the economic and social well-being of vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three specific objectives guided the research: evaluating the impact of the HSNP program on the food security of vulnerable households, examining its influence on the health outcomes of beneficiaries, and investigating its effect on the education of beneficiaries during the pandemic. Social Capital Theory and Human Capital Theory were employed as theoretical frameworks to analyze the relationship between the HSNP Program and its socio-economic outcomes on beneficiaries. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, the study utilized a descriptive survey design to collect data on various characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions related to primary beneficiaries of the HSNP program in Loima sub-county. Self-reported data were gathered through semi-structured questionnaires and interviews from HSNP beneficiaries. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The analysis revealed that the HSNP program had a limited influence on improving the food security of vulnerable households during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study concluded that the HSNP program had a positive influence on the health outcomes of beneficiaries in Loima sub-county during the COVID- 19 pandemic. The investigation into the HSNP's influence on education revealed a significant positive influence on school enrollment rates, attendance, and access to basic education services for children in beneficiary households during the pandemic. Recommendations to strengthen HSNP include program flexibility, expanded coverage, digital payment solutions, and sustainable partnerships. For food security, suggestions include enhancing program communication, targeted interventions, and sustainable food practices. In the education sector, proposals comprise increased parental engagement, addressing technological barriers, and fostering collaborations.
Open Access
Impact of informal cross border trade on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations, 2010-2020
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-04) Onditi, Atozo Zacharia
This paper examines the multifaceted impact of informal cross-border trade on the Kenya and Uganda foreign relations Kenya and Uganda during the period from 2010 to 2020. Informal cross-border trade has been a prominent feature of the economic landscape between these two East African neighbours, contributing significantly to their economies. However, this dynamic trade relationship has also been accompanied by challenges and opportunities that have influenced their diplomatic interactions. Through a comprehensive review of academic literature, government reports, and new articles, this study analyses the economic, social and political implications of informal cross-border trade on the Kenya-Uganda foreign relationship. It explores how factors such as trade policies, border regulations, and infrastructural developments have shaped the nature of cross-border interactions and influenced bilateral ties. The findings suggest that informal cross-border trade has played a dual role in Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. On one hand it has fostered economic integration, strengthened people-to- people connections, and contributed to poverty alleviation in border communities. On the other hand, challenges such as smuggling, informal taxation, and border disputes have strained diplomatic relations and highlighted the need for enhanced cooperation and regulation. Overall, this paper argues that informal cross-border trade has been a significant determinant of Kenya- Uganda foreign relations, shaping the dynamics of cooperation and competition between the two countries. The period from 2010-2020 witnessed a significant expansion of informal cross- border trade between Kenya and Uganda, driven by factors such as proximity, shared cultural ties, and economic complementarity. This trade phenomenon, predominantly conducted by small-scale traders operating outside formal regulatory frameworks, has contributed to the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, stimulating local economies and enhancing regional integration. The study was guided by three objectives; To analyse the background of informal cross border trade on the Kenya-Uganda foreign relations; To establish the informal commodities traded on the Kenya-Uganda border and; To analyse the mode of movement of informal commodities on the Kenya-Uganda border. The study used territoriality and universality, two opposing theories to interpret the impact of informal cross-border trade on Kenya-Uganda foreign relations. The idea of universalism is to provide one with the sole authority to manage resources and obligations. The territoriality doctrine is a legal principle that states that the laws of a particular jurisdiction apply within the physical boundaries of that jurisdiction. In other words, a country’s laws and regulation generally have authority and jurisdiction within its own territory. In the study, both primary and secondary data was used. The study targeted 150 border traders between Kenya and Uganda as well and 10 key informants. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents, some were chosen at random with trade viewpoints and participation readiness as the top priorities. It concludes by proposing policy recommendations aimed at harnessing the potential benefits of informal trade while addressing its associated challenges to promote sustainable economic growth and diplomatic harmony in the region.
Open Access
Analysis of the influence of violent extremism in Kenya’s defense policy with Somali
(Mount Kenya University, 2024-04) Agumba, Wellington Mayo
Violent extremism has been a problem to Kenya in her efforts to reach sociopolitical height, with constant attacks from VEG the Al-Shabaab. In order to protect her sovereignty, nations interests it had to use both soft and hard diplomatic tools and approaches against VEG. Kenya’s tradition of non-interference in other nation’s affairs, peace-making, peace-building, non-aligned and respect, changed dramatically in October 2011. The KDF had never gone on an offensive military missions except for the usual UN Peace keeping mandates. However, with the increase in violent extremism activities from Al-Shabab. Kenya citing Article 52 of the UN charter, shifted her foreign policies to protect citizens through military operation in Somalia dubbed “Linda Nchi”, building of Kenya- Somalia wall, and repatriation of refugees. Thus the justification of the study, the analyze of the influence of violent extremism in Kenya’s Defense policy with Somalia from 2002-2022.The research objectives were: how border raids/attacks, how violent extremism financing has influenced Kenya’s Defense policy with Somalia and lastly how violent extremism has impacted Kenya’s relations in the international arena. The descriptive research design was used as the research focused on Audience Cost theory. The study site was Nairobi with the target population comprising of, Kenya Defence Forces, National Counter Terrorism Centre, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Department of Immigration officials. The study sampling was through purposive and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used were, key informant interviews and questionnaire forms. Data was analyzed by use of NVIVO. This was done by categorizing main themes, putting each objective to test. The study established that, Kenya’s defence policy with Somalia was influenced by: Violent extremism financing, cross border attacks / raids and violent extremism influenced Kenya’s defence policy shift in the International realm. The research recommended that: Kenya and Somalia governments should have a bilateral agreement on identification, tracing and profiling of all the legal businesses or illegal sources of finance for violent extremist group sanctioned and closed down permanently. Formation of drugs enforcement units within the KDF to control, track and trace drugs and narcotics flow in the country especially, in the northern and coastal parts of the country. Kenyan and Somalia governments to collaborate in border security by border monitoring, sharing of intelligence and control the movement of people to deny entry of violent extremist groups. Use of modern equipment of hi-tech surveillance and armed unmanned aerial vehicle to secure the vast borderline between the two countries. A multilateral training and collaboration in the formulation of foreign policy approaches which are non-militaristic or punitive in nature to the neighboring countries. International collaboration and benchmarking with other nation states coping with violent extremism, such as the Philippines, United States of America and France, should endeavor be fostered to come up with the best solution.