Psychosocial determinants and their influence on juvenile delinquency among public secondary school students in Embakasi east Subcounty Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate Psychosocial Determinants and Their Influence on Juvenile Delinquency among Public Secondary School Students in Embakasi East Sub-county Nairobi, Kenya. This research examined how key psychosocial factors such as family dynamics, peer influence, and socio-economic conditions contributed to delinquent behavior among adolescents in this region. The study also proposes intervention strategies to mitigate juvenile delinquency in selected public secondary schools within Embakasi East Sub-County. The study was grounded in ecological and strain theories, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding the environmental influences and pressures faced by students. A mixed-methods and descriptive survey design was employed, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers and 5 school administrators. A sample size of 360 respondents was determined using Slovin's formula, ensuring adequate representation from the target population of 3,601 students. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with results presented in tables and charts. Descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations, and frequencies, highlighted the significance of socio-economic status (mean = 4.63, SD = 0.942) as the most influential psychosocial determinant of juvenile delinquency, followed by family dynamics (mean = 4.52, SD = 0.908) and peer influence (mean = 4.44, SD = 0.723). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that socio-economic status and family dynamics are significant contributors to delinquent behavior, while peer influence showed a weaker association. Additionally, the analysis revealed a weak positive relationship between the psychosocial factors and juvenile delinquency, with only 9.9% of the variation in delinquency being explained by the predictors. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically, identifying three key themes: peer influence, family dynamics, and socioeconomic status. Peer influence emerged as a critical factor, with students mimicking risky behaviors from peers. Family dynamics, particularly family structure and parental neglect, were found to strongly influence students’ likelihood of engaging in delinquent behavior. Socioeconomic status was also identified as a major contributing factor, with students from low-income backgrounds facing greater challenges in terms of academic performance and emotional wellbeing. The findings underscore the importance of addressing both family and socio-economic factors in efforts to reduce juvenile delinquency. Based on these results, the study recommends that schools and community-based programs focus on fostering positive peer interactions collaborate with social services to provide family support, and establish mental health services to support students. Schools should also create safe, supportive environments that discourage delinquent behaviors.