Thesis:

Influence of socioeconomic factors on recidivism in Kenya: a case of Naivasha maximum security prison in Nakuru County, Kenya

Recidivism, the propensity of those who have served time in prison to commit crimes again, poses a challenge to criminal justice systems worldwide. In Kenya, the recidivism rate is estimated to be two-thirds, meaning that following their release, two-thirds of prisoners are back behind bars. Consequently, a substantial portion of current and future crimes are committed by former prisoners alone, undermining efforts to rehabilitate offenders and ensure public safety. This study investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors on recidivism in Kenya, with a focus on Naivasha Maximum Security Prison in Nakuru County. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of social factors on recidivism, to examine the influence of economic factors on recidivism, and to identify the measures that can be put in place to address the socioeconomic factors for reduced recidivism in Naivasha maximum security prison. Guided by the strain theory, the study employed a descriptive research design using a mixed methods approach to offer a thorough comprehension of the factors influencing recidivism. The target population included 2,000 current inmates, 1,200 former inmates and 350 prison staff. A sample size of 355 participants was selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Additionally, key informants were selected purposively to include the Officer commanding the station, four Chaplains for all denominations (Catholic, SDA, Islam and protestant churches), five Prison administrators who are the section heads for tailoring, carpentry, mechanics, formal education and health/hospital facility sections. They provided in-depth knowledge and unique experiences related to recidivism. Data was collected using two data collection tools, that is, questionnaires for prison staff, current and former inmates, and interviews guide for key informants. While quantitative data was examined using descriptive statistics, qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes. Findings were then presented using tables, bar charts, and narrative summaries. The findings of the study revealed that strengthening family relationships and providing community support systems including mentorship programs and faith-based groups enhance successful reintegration and reduces the likelihood of re-offending. Social stigma was found to be a major challenge, limiting employment and reintegration opportunities for ex-inmates. The study also revealed that limited access to employment post-release is a key driver of recidivism. High unemployment rates caused by a lack of organized job placement programs for ex-offenders have been linked to some of them reverting to criminal activity. Programs for vocational training were deemed necessary, but they need to be expanded, enhanced, and certified. Community-based reintegration initiatives should be increased to assist ex-offenders and lessen societal stigma, and the government should establish organized family reunion programs to improve ties between inmates and their families. To guarantee that prisoners receive top-notch instruction, prisons should work with recognized vocational schools. Standardization of vocational training program certification would improve the employability of prisoners. Inmates should be permitted to preserve a percentage of the money earned from income-generating hobbies like tailoring and carpentry, which can serve as seed money after they are released from prison. The government should provide startup grants to rehabilitated inmates for small business ventures.